The Köýtendag Nature Reserve, located in the far east of Turkmenistan in Lebap Province, was established in 1986 and spans 271 square kilometers. Dominated by the majestic Köýtendag Mountains, it is home to Turkmenistan’s highest peak — Aýrybaba (3,139 meters). This region is a treasure trove of natural wonders including over 300 caves, canyons, waterfalls, hot springs, rare plant species, and unique wildlife. The most famous attraction here is the Dinosaur Plateau — a natural limestone slab that holds thousands of fossilized dinosaur footprints.
The Dinosaur plateau, Also known as the Khojapil- Ata tracksite, is situated near the village of Hojapil (meaning ”sacred elephants”). Lying at around 1,500-1,800 meters above sea level, this limestone slope dates back to the late Jurassic period (about 140-155 million years ago). It contains between 2,000 to 3,000 dinosaur footprints across 31 distinct trackways. The most remarkable is a 311-memer- long continuous trail, believed to be the longest of its kind in the world. Footprint sizes vary from 20 to 70 cm and they are attributed to dinosaurs like Megalosaurus and Iguanodon. A cultural legend explains that locals once thought these prints belonged to elephants from Alexander the Great’s army, Hence the village’s name.
Apart from the dinosaur tracks, the Köýtendag region is also rich in geological and natural marvels. The Karluk caves feature over 50 km of tunnels, underground lakes, and unique stalactite formations, making them one of the most extensive cave systems in Central Asia. The Umbar dere gorge boasts A dramatic 28-meter-high waterfall, while Kyrk gyz cave carries spiritual significance, tied to legends of 40 women hiding within its chambers. For those seeking healing and relaxation, the Kainar Baba hot spring offers sulfuric waters believed to have therapeutic benefits.
The biodiversity of the reserve is equally impressive. With an estimated 1,170 to 1700 plant species, many of which are endemic or medical. Animal lovers might catch a glimpse of the endangered Heptner’s markhor (A mountain goat with twisted horns), wild goats, persian leopards, lynx, and numerous birds of prey including golden eagles and vultures.
